Vacuum origin of electron and positronN. Kosinov, V. Garbaruk1. Problems of an electron. The electron was discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897. Since then 100 years have passed. The discovery of an electron was an event that changed a course of a world's history. It has lead to rapid development of a civilization, and it has a right to belong to one of major scientific discoveries. The question about a physical nature and internal structure of an electron has arisen at once after its discovery. Distinguished physicists – J. J. Thomson, H. Lorentz, M. Abraham, E. Shredinger, P. Dirac and the outstanding mathematicians D. Hilbert, A. Poinkare have applied many efforts for construction of an electron model, describing its structure and properties. The attempts to construct both static and dynamic model of an electron were undertaken, however until now this problem remains unsolved [1 – 13]. The static model presented an electron as a ball with spherically symmetrical distribution of a charge. For explanation – why the electron is not broken apart under an operation of its own Coulomb repulsive forces, the additional unelectrical forces, which are known as “ voltages of Poincare “, were entered into it a model. The static model, because of its imperfection, has not received recognizing in a science. Have not ended with success also attempts of scientists to construct an adequate dynamic model. Quantum electrodynamics QE – as the theory of an electron, is considered to be one of most perfect physical theories, but it also has not found a solution for a problem of a divergence of electron's own energy. On serious defects in QE pointed P. Dirac himself, underlining necessity of a radical modification of bases of the theory. In attempts to rescue the theory of an electron in QE, indefinitely large magnitudes on a comparison with small are groundless neglected. The electron in QE is considered as a dot particle, and the question of its structure does not find a solution. And a problem of stability of a dot electron is not solved in QE. Attempts to represent an electron as wave packets result in instability of such models, and it contradicts to the fact of stability of an electron. The same problems concern to a positron. Thus, during 100 years of study of an electron, instead of deep understanding of its nature, a number of insoluble problems grows ever more. Recently, by V. Oleynik, the successful steps in construction of the quantum theory using principles of self-organization were undertaken, that allowed to describe an internal structure of an electron based on soliton model, and for the first time to overcome a problem of a divergence which exists in a quantum electrodynamics [14, 15, 16]. However, for century period the question about an origin of an electron has not only been cleared up, but was not even properly set in physics. Till now electron has been understood as discrete, existing in itself, once created particle. Such understanding did not allow even putting a question about its origin and revealing of mechanisms of its appearance. It concerns in the same extent not only to an electron, but also to other elementary particles. Modern theories of great unification are based on idea of existence of a substance as either hypothetical lepto-quarks, or plankeons, or maksimons. It is considered that they were in a superdense condition and contained in itself almost all the universe. It is considered that their disintegration has lead to creation of all scale of elementary particles, including electrons. Here the problem of an origin of electron-contained material lepto-quarks, or plankeons, or maksimons or other particles, again remains open. This time these “superparticles” have a monstrous density of substance, and are considered objectively existing without disclosure of sources of their origin. Such insoluble circle of problems in physics is kept already for a long time. Has risen a necessity to uncover not only sources of an origin of elementary particles and origin of substance, but also to clarify mechanism of their birth. On our sight, difficulty and the inconsistency of the electron theories are stipulated because the essence and nature of an electron is not yet completely clarified. A century period of unsuccessful searches of the consistent theory of an electron is already quite enough to make a conclusion about necessity of clearing up an essence of this particle. The certain step out of QE framework is required, or even a thorough revision of bases of the theory, or revision of the status of an electron as particle obviously is required. The problem of an origin of an electron is a problem not only of QE and not only of physics. This problem is common for all natural sciences. It is necessary to search for a solution in physics and mathematics, because the physical and mathematical arguments are most heavy in theory of world knowledge. Without disclosure of secret of an origin of an electron and mechanisms causing its creation in our material world, it will be difficult to understand the structure of a microcosms and macrocosms. All attempts to build models of particles existing in itself without clearing up of sources of their origin lead to failure. As a rule the external manifestations of the obscure internal essence are simulated. Here, one approximate presentation – the external manifestation of an electron, is substituted by second, even more approximate presentation – by its inadequate model. On hand there is a mistake – in presentation about the status of an electron as eternally existing physical object, as independent particle. The solution of a problem of an electron origin becomes a major problem on a path of comprehension of an essence of all other elementary particles and even of a sense of substance. The solution of a problem of an electron origin is connected to search of some primary substance, affecting essence of substance. In features of a substance which were not uncovered and not learned by a modern science, the riddle of an origin both electron, and substance in all other its manifestations is hidden.2. Physical vacuum – fundamental principle of electron and positron. From many cultures, since an antiquity, the conclusion about unity of the world follows. Statement “ The unity of the world “ is also present in a modern science. However mechanisms leading to such unity remain uncovered. Their disclosure will allow revealing a main methodological principle of cognition, which is not managed to be found in a modern science. The unity of the world is closely connected to duality of a matter. In a base of binary manifestation of a matter the polar manifestations at all levels of an objective reality lie. The uniform essence of a substance is exhibited both in its polarities and in their unification as a binary system. The world, surrounding us, is represented by a global binary system – vacuum and substance. Vacuum and substance are independent and different manifestations of a matter. The primary level of a substance is represented by a continuous substance of vacuum. The secondary physical level is represented by discrete substance, being a result of vacuum development. Both levels of an objective reality are independent in their manifestation. At the same time, between them the correlation is present and transitions take place. Within the framework of offered differentiation of vacuum and substance, continuous vacuum and discrete substance are physical objects, that is convincingly proved by the quantum theory. The conclusion about existence of physical vacuum and substance as various manifestations of a matter, is major achievement of quantum theory, that allows to correlate correctly a subject and method of cognition. The absence of such differentiation surely resulted in incompetent distribution of concepts of one level of a matter on other. To a primary level of a matter – to vacuum, such concepts, as a discretization, plurality are inapplicable. To a secondary level of a matter – to substance, such concepts, as continuity, preservancy are inapplicable. The vacuum is a material substation, which is in an absolute equilibrium condition, that makes it a medium that is not observed at a material level. The lowest level of energy and the full symmetry, is the reason of its unobservability. Unobservability of vacuum is not connected with unobservability of substance by reasons, for example, of small sizes of particles of substance, insufficient sensitivity of devices etc. Vacuum is absolutely unobservable substation, it exhibits itself only in deviation from an equilibrium condition, i.e. when leaving a symmetrical condition. The symmetry of vacuum and possibility of violation of this symmetry immediately specifies its binary essence. The vacuum is a fundamental principle of the world, in it the fields and free energy dominate. It is physical object and independent form of manifestation of an objective reality. Unobservability of vacuum is a result of its continuity, therefore it can not exhibit itself as substance, it is not subject to the laws of atomistics. The vacuum begins to exhibit itself only when energized, i.e. in its excitation that leads to violation of its symmetrical state. In vacuum the sources of an origin of substance are hidden, therefore its deep study allows to spill light on the true laws, on which the world is arranged. This unobservable medium of all world's essence takes more increasing place in theory of cognition and declares itself louder. The properties of vacuum are open, which set new directions of physical research and force to look differently at many physical phenomena. The vacuum is considered as a source of power and substance. In new light, the role and place of vacuum in energy-information exchange that exist in a Nature is revealed, in processes of structure genesis and biosynthesis, during interaction of live systems and organisms. Statements of some scientists, that “all round us is a special form of a matter – Vacuum, all is from Vacuum” are not surprising any more. The theories describing physical vacuum are only being formed. As the vacuum is not a material essence, its theory can not be created on an atomistic paradigm. Modern physical theories describe, as a rule, secondary level of a matter – discrete material world. For construction of the uniform theory describing material and vacuum essences, the new approach is necessary that would allow to consider consistently a continuos vacuum and discrete substance, because an objective reality is a binary system – it is represented by both continual vacuum and discrete substance. The binary essence of vacuum results it polar manifestations that are in a strict symmetry. In a symmetrical state the polar manifestations represent certain balanced “zero” condition. With energy saturation equal to a critical level the vacuum transfers to an excited state and polarization of vacuum begins to be exhibited. The binary manifestations of vacuum give a key to disclosure of secret of an origin of electron, positron and other material formations. The disclosure of electron and positron origin and mechanism of their birth becomes possible under such approach, which operates with both levels of an objective reality – vacuum and substance. For a primary level of an objective reality – physical vacuum, the presence of the special metric distinct from metric of a material level is characteristic. The presence of limiting metric magnitudes is typical for this metric. The substance is a secondary level of a matter. From unitron theory of vacuum follows, that on subatomic level of organization a substance is structured on a binary principle. The binary essence of material formations, is a direct result of a binary essence of symmetrical material vacuum [21 – 29]. The binary manifestations in a structure of substance lead to binary regularities in power levels and go through all dynamics of structure genesis. Here, in again generated material formations the material formations of the previous step of structure genesis change its structure, level of energy, mass. The new material structure does not consist of mechanical addition of old structures, it only repeats a structure of the previous step of structure process. A major conclusion, which follows from the theory of vacuum, is that both levels of an objective reality are closely connected. Between them the transitions exist. The vacuum generates the material world, and the substance, in turn, can transform to a vacuum state. The variety of material manifestations is a result of vacuum substation modification. The substance is a secondary form, its main indication is a discretization, that radically distinguishes it from continuous physical vacuum. Idea, that the material particles are independent essences should be replaced with new understanding, that any particle is a manifestation of a primary essence. In it, the riddle of substance is hidden and origin it of its various representatives – electrons, positrons, mesons, baryons etc. Conclusion that the objective reality can be exhibited by various levels, enables to understand deeper a place of particles. To all particles the strictly outlined zone is determined. This zone is a secondary level of an objective reality – substance. On the other hand, to the various power manifestations of physical vacuum the status of a particle cannot be attributed.3. Electron and positron – beginning of substance. Electron and positron have the special status among a variety of material structures. They are the first particles originating from vacuum. They incorporate properties of material substation of vacuum. Therefore many unopened secrets of the material world can find the solution, if a deep essence of an electron and positron will be comprehended. These two particles require more deep study. To them a special role in Nature is assigned. That, what we know about a particle named an electron: its mass, energy, sizes and other characteristics, are characteristics of a free electron. As a part of atom the electron does not keep neither its former energy, nor mass, nor other characteristics and, therefore, could not be considered as a free electron. The same can be referred to a positron. The electrons and positrons are the first representatives of discrete substance. These polar symmetrical particles, being born from vacuum pairwise, bear in themselves properties of binary symmetrical vacuum. The binary nature of substance is a direct consequence of symmetry and duality of vacuum. It is though mirror reflection of a primary essence at a secondary material level. As the vacuum state is a symmetrical state, so first material representatives of our material world are two strictly symmetrical particles. This mirror similarity reflects a symmetry in transitions vacuum – substance and substance – vacuum. On an example of an electron and positron, it is possible to speak about the beginning of substance. An electron and a positron require for their formation the minimum energy among all elementary particles. Therefore vacuum, generating substance, in any way can not “bypass” an electron and positron. These particles at first convert energy of vacuum into their own energy of rest. Here the metric of space of a material level acquires a coordinate of time. The unlimited in time essence – vacuum, by generating an electron and positron, gives a beginning to the time.4. Mechanism of birth of electron and positron from vacuum. In the mechanism of origin of an electron it is possible to select the following steps:a) transition of continuous vacuum to a state of quantified vacuum;b) excitation of vacuum up to a level limiting energy saturation;c) realization of vacuum – substance transition;d) separation of charges on independent charges – positive and negative. At a material level the negative polarity is represented by an electron, and the positive polarity is represented by a positron. On higher levels of structure genesis other polar particles are formed. An electron and positron are the completed material formations for a first step of structurization process that begins the readout of time in the material world [22, 23]. The positron was open by P. Dirac as an antipode of an electron. Then physics for the first time has met with binary manifestation at a level of substance. The presence of two polarities for material formations stands in the full correspondence with a law of charge conservation. Availability of two symmetrical particles results from symmetry of vacuum. The positron is a symmetrical particle in relation to an electron. The origin of an electron and positron from uniform vacuum specifies that the polarities can undergo transmutations. Idea of a possibility of transformation of an electron in a positron and return transformation is heavily perceived without understanding of a uniform vacuum nature of these particles. It seemed that such idea contradicts conservation laws. However conservation laws are not contradicted with a binary transmutation of particles, when these particles as though change places. The opinion now dominates, that the substance can not become an antisubstance. The transformations of elementary particles are usually considered as a result of disintegration of substance. As the stable electron can not break up, it is considered, that any transformations for it are impossible. However considering properties of physical vacuum and its binary essence, the transmutations of an electron and positron are perceived as absolutely natural phenomenon, because these polar representatives of primary substance are not independent essences, but come from uniform physical vacuum. The generality of their origin specifies a reality of transmutations. The first confirmations of such transformations already have appeared – it is Andreev reflection. The discovery was registered in a 1987, which determines existence of the new physical phenomenon of electron-hole transformations in reflection of charge carriers from the boundary between normal and superconducting metals. The falling electron turns to a positron and on the contrary, with a modification of signs of a charge and mass to opposite. It is an experimental confirmation of transformation of an electron to a positron. The given physical phenomenon is viewed as a binary transmutation of particles. As shown, the transformation of matter in antimatter is natural regularity. The sources of such transformations lie in their uniform vacuum nature. The emerging of antimatter can happen not only somewhere on frontiers of the universe, but just so close on the Earth at time of realizations of physical experiments. This conclusion is rather important, and forces to approach from other position to realization of research in physics of high energies. As visible, the disclosure of a problem of an electron origin deeply affects status of an electron as particle, and puts this problem far from frameworks of a quantum electrodynamics. From above-stated, the principally important conclusion follows which says that emerging of new material formation on each step of structuring process is accompanied by the especial phenomenon. Its main point is that each component part participated in creation of more complicated material formation, in structure of the latter formation can no longer be considered as it was before unification. The former properties are lost, and the again generated formation has new properties. The properties of substance are cardinally changed even at time of adding of only one electron, for example, in formation of atom. The properties of atom and properties of a nucleus are completely different. It immediately follows form idea that level of energy of new material formation becomes other. The loss of a part of rest energy happens, which is equal to energy of connection of complicated structural formation. For example, positrony could not be considered as the sum of an electron plus a positron. An electron and positron is what we observe in a free condition. They are material formations that have energy about 0,511 MeV. In structure of other material formations their energy will be less than 0,511 MeV. Properties intrinsic to an isolated particle here are lost. This phenomenon of a modification of properties of each component in structure of material formation, of most initial status, amplifies in accordance with complication of structure. The power loss sets value of connection energy of the given material formation. Any attempts of particles to restore the previous status of a free particle and to acquire energy up to value of rest energy result in loss of the even greater energy by other particle of a pair and to violation of a symmetry. The only way of restoring of the previous status is obtaining energy from an external medium simultaneously by both particles. Only in this case restoring a power state up to a level of energy of a full electron and full positron is possible. Physics paid main attention to study of established states and did not pay proper attention to study of the phenomena in their development. As a result, not processes of formation of elementary particles, but completed particles and behavior of the particles, which have finished process of development, are investigated. That makes that study of a Nature, in its development, is substituted by study of the completed constructions, peculiar “deadlock” branches of development, and final stages of such branches, with what our world is extremely rich. Therefore sense of substance and mechanism of its origin remains outside of a field of sight of physics. After discovery of a radioactivity the attempts were undertaken to explain a structure of atoms and nucleuses as consisting of population of electrons and positrons. It was erroneously considered, that as if nucleus emit the electrons and positrons, these last are there contained. Attempts until now are undertaken to explain creation of an electron as a result of disintegration of more complex particles. Here, instead of synthesis as creative process, on a role of process causing formation of particles, process of destructurization, disintegration is tried to be groundless delivered, what is a serious methodological error. As the attempts of combining the material formations from electrons and positrons are too far from regularities of self-organization of substance, so the attempts to present processes of disintegration and destructurisation as creating processes are methodologically erroneous. Is not taken into account that the consequent structural formations lose not only properties of their creators, but also material formations themselves change their properties. That is not taken into account, that electron and positron are products of vacuum, its natural creation, its manifestation in the material world. The only one, what the material formations, without dependence on what step of structure genesis they are on, save is their vacuum nature, as unique, but very substantial hereditary indication. The properties of substance are closely connected to power levels and pass through all dynamics of structure genesis. In the generated material formation particles, which have been taking part in creation of the next material formation, change their characteristics. At that time, not only the level of energy of new material formation is not equal to the sum of energies of its creators, but also the new structure can not be considered as the mechanical sum of old structures. Instead of the simple mechanical sum the more complicated laws take place, that are defined by the laws of structure genesis of substance [22, 23]. The substance on each step of structurisation does not represent a new essence, but remains again a substance by the status, acquiring only new structure. Here, the secret of the imaginary world's diversity is latent.5. Vacuum picture of the world. The modern physical theories could not get rid of fixed idea about an existence of an elementary discrete particle, as if it lies in the base of world building. Above minds of the scientists soar idea of search of “a primary brick” of world building, instead of idea of development implying from properties of physical vacuum. And in quantum-field theories and in the theories of great unification, particles are referred as initial component of world building. Even to continual vacuum certain “material” properties are attributed. In it also attempts to discover particles exist and even to allot them by their “privilege” not be subject to law of energy preservation. By this, virtual particles of vacuum are tried to assign with special properties. The violation of the energy preservation law is too expensive payment for attempt of preservation of such model of vacuum. The reason of such extremes we see in physics, where no precise differentiation of an objective reality in a binary system vacuum – substance is given. Therefore vacuum, which is a primary level, primary matter, in some theories is tried to be filled with particles, that practically changes its status and reduces it to a material level. The problem of origin of discrete particles – electron and positron from continuous unreal substation is immediately connected to a global unsolved problem of a relation between continuity and discreteness, which remains a stumbling block not only for physics, but also for mathematics [21]. The hope is inspired by fact that the physical vacuum in the theories begins to acquire the status of a fundamental kind of a matter. Emerging in a science of concept of “the physical vacuum”, indicates re-comprehension of a usual picture of the world and is capable to approach to unsolved problems from new positions and to put in pawn a fundamentals for forming a new world outlook. Just as the mechanical picture of the world was replaced by electromagnetic, and on its change the quantum-field picture of the world has come, so modern quantum-field picture of the world is also standing on a threshold of a replacement by a vacuum picture of the world [21, 29]. Thus, the disclosure of a problem of an electron origin is connected to comprehension of a unreal fundament of the world – physical vacuum. The disclosure of an essence of origin both of electron and positron puts a new problem of deep and comprehensive study about mechanisms of beginning of other forms of substance from vacuum. Disclosure of these mechanisms is capable to lead to the newest technologies, constructed on a base of natural regularities, which will be able to change a face of a present civilization and to lead to a new wave of development – even more essential, than that has proceeded after discovery of an electron. 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